Glossary

A-NPA - Advance Notice of Proposed Amendment

Preliminary draft European regulations

ADS-B (Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast)

A monitoring system for aircraft that transmits position data to ground stations and other aircraft.

Aerial Survey

A method of mapping and collecting data from the air, often using drones equipped with cameras and sensors.

Aerial Thermography

The use of drones to capture infrared images to identify temperature differences on surfaces.

AGL - Above Ground Level

Height above ground

AIP - Aeronautical Information Publication

The Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP) is a collection of aviation orders, information, and notices that are valid for an extended period of time.

It contains, among other things, a list of all airfields including airfield boundaries and contact details of air traffic control units.

Airspace

From the perspective of air traffic control, airspace is a three-dimensional space, interwoven with a network of flight paths and divided into different airspace classes, depending on the control services offered.

Airspeed

The speed of a drone relative to the surrounding air.

Altimeter

A device that measures the altitude of the drone above sea level, often integrated into the altimeter.

AltMoc - Alternative Means of Compliance

Alternative detection methods

AMC - Acceptable Means of Compliance

Accepted detection methods

APAS - Advanced Pilot Assistant System

APAS refers to both obstacle detection and collision avoidance for drones.

ARC - Air Risk Class

Risk class air

ATF - Almost Ready to Fly

An ATF-style drone no longer requires many setup steps or additional accessories to be put into operation.

ATM - Air Traffic Management

Air Traffic Management (ATM) is the central task of air traffic control. The aim is to organize air traffic in the allocated airspace safely, smoothly and economically.

ATTI - Attitude Mode

Operating mode with DJI without GPS

ATZ - Aerodrome Traffic Zone

Airfield traffic zone

Ascent permit

For certain drones in Germany, a take-off permit is required, which must be obtained from the competent authority.

Automatic operation

A drone is in automatic mode when it flies a pre-planned route itself, but the remote pilot can still change the route manually.

Autonomous operation

An operation in which the unmanned aircraft is in operation without the remote pilot being able to intervene

Autopilot

An autopilot takes over the operation of an aircraft automatically. This means that the pilot does not have to steer during this time.

AUW - All Up Weight

The AUW describes the take-off weight including all components.

Stock drone

A stock drone is a drone that has no classification.

Baro

Barometer is a flight mode in which the drone can maintain its altitude independently.

BDL - Federal Association of the German Air Transport Industry e. V.

The BDL (Bundesverband der Deutschen Luftverkehrswirtschaft e. V.) is an association representing the interests of the German air transport industry.

Notified body

Examination station (PStF) designated by the Luftfahrt-Bundesamt to conduct theory examinations for remote pilots according to UAS.OPEN.030(2)c) in Part A of the Annex to DVO (EU) 2019/947.

Unmanned aerial vehicle observer

A person who is adjacent to the remote pilot and, through unassisted visual observation of the unmanned aircraft, assists the remote pilot in maintaining the unmanned aircraft in VLOS and safely conducting the flight.

Stock drone

A stock drone is a drone that has no classification.

Operating description / ConOps operating concept

The abbreviation ConOps stands for Concept of Operations. A concept of operations contains information on operations and describes procedures for safe UAS operation. The exact scope of the concept of operations depends on the risk category previously determined in the SORA. The ConOps is created by the operator of the UAS.

Operating category

Drones are classified into different operating categories depending on various factors. There are 3 categories which are divided as follows: open, special and subject to approval.

BFU - Federal Bureau for Aircraft Accident Investigation

National Civil Aviation Accident and Incident Investigation Center.

BLAG-UAS/FM - Federal-State Working Group UAS and Model Aircraft

The Federal-Länder Working Group (BLAG) for "Unmanned Aerial Systems and Aeromodels" consists of the Federal Ministry of Transport (BMVI), the respective state aviation authorities (LLB) and DFS Deutsche Flugsicherung GmbH (DFS). Remote pilots can obtain information on the subject of drone flight from a joint website: https://www.dfs.de/dfs_homepage/de/Drohnenflug/Start/

BMDV - Federal Ministry of Digital Affairs and Transport

Supreme Aviation Authority for Civil Aviation Affairs

Ground sensors

The ground sensor system is a system for ground-based air situational awareness.

BOS - authorities and organizations with security tasks

Institutions that are entrusted with the defense against hazards fall under the collective term authorities and organizations with security tasks (BOS).

BVLOS - Beyond Visual Line of Sight

The term stands for "beyond visual line of sight". Refers to drone operation beyond the visual line of sight of the remote pilot. For such operations, private and commercial users need a special permit from the responsible aviation authority. BOS forces are exempt from this requirement. They are exempt from the corresponding requirements in the event of an operation.

C2 Link Service

A communication service provided by a third party that ensures command and control between the unmanned aircraft and the control unit (CU).

Calibration

The process of aligning and adjusting a drone's sensors to ensure accurate measurements.

CE marking

A marking by which the manufacturer declares that the product complies with the applicable requirements set out in the Union harmonization legislation under which the affixing of the marking is required.

Certified Category - Category subject to approval

A UAS operating category as defined in Article 6 of the Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/947.

Cinewhoop

A small, maneuverable drone that is used for indoor flights and FPV videos.

CISP (Common Information Service Provider)

Provides the USSP with all relevant airspace and air traffic data for the provision of U-Space services.

Collision Avoidance System

An advanced system that recognizes obstacles and automatically takes measures to avoid them.

ConOps - Concept of Operations

The abbreviation ConOps stands for Concept of Operations. A concept of operations contains information on operations and describes procedures for safe UAS operation. The exact scope of the concept of operations depends on the risk category previously determined in the SORA. The ConOps is created by the operator of the UAS.

Continuous monitoring

The continuous monitoring of certain areas or facilities using drones.

CORUS-XUAM

CORUS-XUAM is a two-year demonstration project that aims to show how U-Space services and solutions can support the integrated flight operations of Urban Air Mobility (UAM).

CTR (Controlled Traffic Region)

A controlled airspace around airports where special rules and clearances are required for drone operations.

D&A - Detect & Avoid

Detect & Avoid. A D&A system detects obstacles and avoids them independently.

DAeC - German Aero Club

Largest air sports association in Germany.

DAT (Detect And Avoid Technology)

Technology that enables drones to recognize and avoid obstacles in order to avoid collisions.

Data Link

A communication channel that connects the drone to the ground station and enables the exchange of control commands and telemetry data.

Digital Elevation Model (DEM)

A 3D model of the earth's surface created by drone mapping that shows the height of the terrain.

Direct remote identification

A system that provides for the local transmission of information about an unmanned aerial vehicle in operation, including identification of the unmanned aerial vehicle, so that such information can be retrieved without physical access to the unmanned aerial vehicle.

DJI

DJI is a well-known Chinese manufacturer of drones and UAVs.

DJI Go App

A mobile application for controlling and configuring DJI drones.

Draw Mode

With the drawing mode, you can draw a route on the screen yourself and the drone will then take over this route.

Drones

Drones are unmanned aerial vehicles that can be remote-controlled or program-controlled directly by humans.

Drone operators

An operator of a drone.

Drone driver's license

It is a certificate that you obtain as part of a training course and examination and shows that you are capable of operating a drone safely.

Drone Garage

See Drone-in-a-Box System

Drone liability insurance

Drone liability insurance protects you if you cause damage with your drone and have to bear the financial consequences.

Drone hangar

See Drone-in-a-Box System

Drone pilot

A drone pilot is someone who controls unmanned aerial vehicles.

Drone Regulation

The Drone Ordinance contains all the regulations for drones that apply in Germany.

Drone-in-a-Box system (DIB)

A drone-in-a-box (DIB) system or drone garage / drone hangar is a highly automated drone system. It is used to perform autonomous drone flights beyond the pilot's line of sight (BVLOS). The drone is controlled via a control station. A pilot on site is no longer necessary. Since the drone is located in and protected by a box, missions can take place at any time and in almost any weather.

Drones-as-a-Service (DaaS)

Drones as a Service (DaaS) is a concept in which drones and the associated infrastructure are offered as a service. Instead of owning and operating drones themselves, companies or individuals can use the services of specialized providers.

As part of DaaS, providers typically take on various tasks, including providing the drones, training operators, conducting flights, analyzing data and reporting. Customers can access a variety of services depending on their needs, including aerial photography, inspections, monitoring, mapping and much more.

This model offers companies the advantage of using drone technology without the associated costs and complexities. It also allows for flexible scaling depending on the requirements of a particular project or task. DaaS has the potential to improve efficiency and safety in various industries and open up new fields of application for drone technology.

Dual-band GPS

A GPS system that uses both the L1 and L2 frequency bands to enable more accurate positioning.

DWD - German Weather Service

The DWD is a federal agency based in Offenbach am Main. Its main task is to monitor the climate in Germany and to warn of weather-related hazards. By providing basic weather information, the German Weather Service supports UAS of both meteorological flight preparation. The information includes ground wind forecasts as well as precipitation radar and lightning maps. For commercial drone operators, the DWD also offers a fee-based self-briefing system.

Dynamic Home Point

A function that updates the starting point of the drone during the flight based on the position of the controller.

EASA - European Aviation Safety Agency

European Aviation Safety Agency is the aviation safety authority of the European Union. It was established on July 15, 2002, by decision of the European Council and has been based in Cologne since November 2004. Operations began on September 28, 2003, and it has been fully operational since 2006. EASA currently has about 400 employees.

ED-D

ED-D means danger area and describes an area that harbors dangers for missiles.

ED-R

The abbreviation ED-R stands for restricted area. This refers to a defined airspace above the territory of a state in which aircraft flights are subject to temporary or permanent restrictions. Examples are airspaces over nuclear power plants or over the Berlin government district. Corresponding areas are defined to prevent threats to public safety and order. Whether a UAS is allowed to fly into an ED-R depends on the restriction. An unauthorized entry is a criminal offense.

EIS (Electronic Image Stabilization)

A technology that digitally compensates for camera shake in videos to ensure smoother recordings.

EO/IR sensor

An electro-optical/infrared sensor used to capture visible and infrared images, often for surveillance and rescue missions.

ESC (Electronic Speed Controller)

A component that controls the motor of a drone and regulates the speed of the propellers.

EVLOS (Extended Visual Line of Sight)

Operation in extended visibility: Either airspace observers provide an airspace observation or take over the control and are from now on new remote pilots.

Fail safe mode

The drone flies back to the starting point using the GPS data if it loses the connection to the controller.

Feet (feet, ft)

English measure of length used in aviation to designate flight altitude. One foot is equal to 30.48 cm.

Remote pilot

A natural person who is responsible for the safe conduct of the flight of an unmanned aircraft, where the remote pilot:in either provides flight control manually or, if the unmanned aircraft is flying automatically, monitors its course and remains able to intervene and change course at any time.

Remote control

As the term itself suggests, you control the drone from a distance, i.e. the drone does not need to be connected to a cable.

FLARM

Traffic information and collision avoidance system for general aviation, light aircraft and drones.

Flight Controller

The central control unit of a drone that controls stability and navigation in flight.

Restricted flight area

A restricted flight area is an airspace of defined dimensions in which aircraft flights are restricted due to certain conditions. The restrictions can be permanent or temporary.

Flight log

In the flight logbook, the remote pilot documents his drone flights (electronically or in paper form). Among other things, it contains information about the date and time of the flight, the name of the remote pilot, the total duration of the mission on site, and the number of takeoffs and landings. The documentation is not mandatory in Germany. However, as part of an ascent permit or other exemption from operating bans, the operator of a drone may be required to keep a flight log in the ancillary provisions.

Flight model

National: Unmanned aircraft, including their control station, operated exclusively for sport and recreational purposes.

Model aircraft club or association

An organization legally established in a Member State for the purpose of conducting recreational flights, air shows, sporting activities or competitions with UAS.

Air cab

An air cab is an aircraft that is used to transport passengers or freight inland.

Flyaway

Uncontrolled drifting or flying away of a drone

Follow-me mode

A mode of operation of a UAS in which the unmanned aircraft continuously follows the remote pilot within a predetermined radius.

FPV (First Person View)

A mode in which the pilot controls the drone from a first-person perspective, usually using a camera on the drone and a connected display or goggles.

FPV Goggles

Goggles that provide the pilot with a live view from the drone's camera.

GBSAS - Ground-Based Situational Awareness System

The mobile traffic receiving station (Ground-Based Situational Awareness System, GBSAS) is used to support UAS operations and provides the user with an air situation picture in the area around the deployment site. The mobile station receives FLARM® and ADS-B (Automatic Dependent Surveillance - Broadcast) signals transmitted by gliders, helicopters, motorized aircraft or other air traffic participants in the airspace.

Dangerous goods

Articles or substances carried by an unmanned aerial vehicle as a payload that pose a risk to health, safety, property or the environment in the event of an incident or accident, in particular: - explosive substances (danger of mass explosion, danger from splinters, explosive and thrown pieces, low danger from air blast, high danger of fire, explosives, extremely insensitive explosives),- gases (flammable gases, non-flammable gases,toxic gases, oxygen, danger when inhaled),- flammable liquid substances (flammable liquid substances, flammable substances, fuel oil, gasoline),- flammable solids (flammable solids, spontaneously combustible solids, dangerous in contact with water),- oxidizing substances and organic peroxides,- toxic and infectious substances (poison, biohazard),- radioactive substances,- corrosive substances

Geo-awareness Service Provider

The Geo-awareness Service is governed by Regulation (EU) 2019/945. It refers to UAS capabilities and the requirements for Member States when they decide to establish geographic zones or for UAS operators to follow and comply with the specification of these zones. This service is intended to assist UAS operators in meeting these obligations, as it will provide this information (where they may and may not fly) with appropriate accuracy. By using this service in a U-Space airspace, UAS operators can fulfill their responsibilities related to this UAS operator obligation.

Geo-fencing

A technology that draws virtual barriers around certain areas to restrict the drone's flight to these areas.

Geo-sensitization

A function that, based on data provided by Member States, detects a potential airspace boundary violation and alerts remote pilots so that they can take immediate and effective action to prevent it.

Geographical UAS area

A portion of airspace defined by the competent authority that allows, restricts, or excludes UAS operations to address the safety, privacy, and personal data, security, or environmental risks associated with UAS operations.

Gimbal

Cardanic suspension, Multi-axis stabilization device for the camera

GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System)

A collective term for satellite navigation systems such as GPS, GLONASS, Galileo and BeiDou.

GPS (Global Position System)

US Global Satellite System

GRC (Ground Risk Class)

Soil risk class.

HALE (High Altitude Long Endurance)

Great height, long reach.

Headless mode

A mode in which the drone control is independent of the orientation of the drone.

High-Altitude Platform Station (HAPS)

An unmanned platform that flies at high altitude and is used for communication or surveillance purposes.

High-Resolution Imaging

Capturing images with a high level of detail using special cameras on drones.

HoD - Hook-on-Device

The Hook-on-Device (HOD) is a device for transmitting your own position data for UAS.

Hovering

The hovering of a drone in the air at a fixed position without noticeable movement.

ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization)

International Civil Aviation Organization.

IFR (Instrument Flight Rules)

Instrument flight rules

IMU (Inertial Measurement Unit)

A sensor that measures the drone's movements and helps to stabilize its position and orientation.

Inertial Navigation System (INS)

A navigation system that measures acceleration and rotational movements to determine the position of the drone.

Inspection Drone

A drone specially equipped for inspection tasks such as bridge, wind turbine and pipeline inspections.

Intelligent Flight Modes

 Predefined flight modes that enable complex maneuvers and automatic functions, such as "Follow Me" or "Waypoint Navigation"

J (Joule)

Unit of measurement for energy

JARUS (Joint Authorities for Rulemaking on Unmanned Systems)

International Working Group on Drone Regulation.

K-index

A measure of geomagnetic activity that can influence the conditions for GPS reception.

Proof of knowledge

A certificate of proficiency shows whether you have knowledge of the basics of using and navigating model aircraft. It also shows that you are aware of the legal basis and the local airspace regulations. This proof of knowledge is required if you wish to operate a drone with a take-off mass of at least 2 kg.

Labeling obligation

The labeling requirement states that drones weighing at least 250g must be labeled with the owner's name and address.

kmz /kml (Keyhole Markup Language)

A file that can be loaded as a layer in e.g. Google Earth. The kmz is a compressed version of the kml.

Controlled area on the ground

An area on the ground within which the UAS is operated and the UAS operator can ensure that only involved persons are present.

LBA - German Federal Aviation Authority

The Federal Office of Civil Aeronautics, headquartered in Braunschweig, is the higher federal authority for all civil aviation tasks in Germany. The LBA is subject to the technical and official supervision of the Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure.

LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging)

A distance measurement technology that uses laser light to create precise 3D maps and models of the environment.

Lithium-Polymer (LiPo) Battery

A widely used battery technology for drones, known for its high energy density and performance.

LOS (Line Of Sight)

Flights where the pilot can see the drone visually at all times.

LUC (light UAS operator certificate) - operator certificate for light UAS

Light UAS Operator Certificate (LUC) is a certificate for a UAS operation issued by the responsible aviation authority. Operators can self-assess the risk of operation in the special category.

Pilot

See remote pilot

Airspace

From the perspective of air traffic control, airspace is a three-dimensional space, interwoven with a network of flight paths and divided into different airspace classes, depending on the control services offered.

Airspace golf

Airspace G (pronounced Luftraum Golf) is the lowest airspace in Germany.Its lower boundary begins on the ground and its upper boundary, in line with Airspace E above it, is usually 2,500 feet, or 762 meters. Airspace G is the only uncontrolled airspace in Germany. The ascent of a drone does not require air traffic control clearance by, for example, DFS. However, the use can be further restricted by other laws and regulations, e.g. regarding nature conservation.

Airspace Observer

A person who assists the remote pilot by scanning the airspace in which the unmanned aircraft is operating for potential airborne hazards through unassisted visual scanning.

Magnetometer

A sensor that measures the earth's magnetic field and is used to determine the direction.

MALE (Medium Altitude Long Endurance)

Medium height, long range.

Mandatory Services

In order to be able to establish a U-Space, EASA has defined so-called "Mandatory Services". These are mandatory services that determine the design of the U-Space: - Network Identification Service - Geo-awareness Service - UAS Flight Authorization Service - Traffic Information Service.

Mapping Drone

A drone specially developed for creating maps and 3D models.

Mapping software

Special software for processing and analyzing drone images to create maps and 3D models.

Crowds

A multitude of people standing so close together that it is almost impossible for a single person to move away from this crowd.

MHz (Megahertz;)

Unit of measurement for radio frequency.

Microdrone

A very small drone, often weighing less than 250 grams, used for indoor or special applications.

Model airplane

An unmanned aerial vehicle system used primarily for recreational activities.

MSL (Mean Sea Level)

(Height above) sea level.

MTOM (maximum take-off mass) - Maximum permissible take-off mass

The maximum allowable mass of the unmanned aircraft, including payload and fuel, as determined by the manufacturer or builder, with which the unmanned aircraft can be operated. Synonyms: MTOW, Maximum Takeoff Mass, Maximum Takeoff Weight.

Multicopter

Multicopter describes flying objects with more than one propeller or rotors on one plane.

N/A (Not Applicable)

Not available.

Night

The hours between the end of civil twilight and the beginning of civil dawn as defined in the Executive Order.

Nadir

The point directly under the drone, often used for mapping and photography.

NDB (Non-Directional Beacon)

Undirected beacon. Position determination in manned air navigation.

Network Identification Service

The Network Identification Service ensures traceability of the unmanned aircraft during its flight. Based on this information, USSPs can actually exchange UAS traffic information with each other, providing traffic information for UAS operations.

No-Fly Zone

An area where drone flights are prohibited, often for safety or data protection reasons.

NOTAM (Notice To Airmen)

Information on temporary and permanent changes to the Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP).

Payload

See Payload.

Obstacle Avoidance System

A technology that detects obstacles in the drone's flight path and automatically avoids them.

Obstacle Detection

A system for detecting and avoiding obstacles during flight, often using ultrasonic, infrared or laser sensors.

Open Category - Open Category

A UAS operating category as defined in Article 4 of the Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/947.

Operator

The drone pilot is often referred to as the operator.

Orthomosaic

A highly accurate, rectified aerial image, which consists of many individual photos and serves as georeferenced map material.

P4RTK

A drone model from DJI, known for its precise RTK-GNSS positioning systems.

Payload

Instruments, mechanisms, equipment, parts, appliances, accessories, or attachments, including communications equipment, installed in or attached to the aircraft and not used or intended to be used to operate or control the aircraft in flight, but not forming part of the airframe, an engine, or a propeller. Synonym: Payload

Payload Release Mechanism

A system that enables the drone to drop cargo or other payloads.

Photogrammetry

The science of creating maps and 3D models by analyzing photographs, often through drone imagery.

PIC (Pilot in Command)

The pilot who is currently in control of the aircraft.

PIS (Public Interest Site)

Landing site (of public interest) for helicopters at hospitals.

Privately manufactured UAS

A UAS assembled or manufactured by the builder for his own use, except for UAS assembled from components marketed as a prefabricated kit.

PStF - Testing station

See notified body.

Quadcopter

A drone with four propellers that is controlled by different rotation speeds.

RC (Remote Control)

Remote control

Redundancy

Multiple design of critical systems (e.g. control system, power supply) to ensure reliability.

Redundancy

A failure of one motor can be compensated by a number of other motors.

Remote ID

The Remote ID can be used to identify drones and their operators.

Return to Home (RTH)

A safety feature that automatically flies the drone back to the starting point if the signal is lost or the battery runs low.

Risk analysis / risk assessment (SORA)

A SORA (Specific Operations Risk Assessment) is a method for risk assessment / risk analysis that has been specially developed for the operation of unmanned aircraft systems (UAS). This method is required by the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) and provides a systematic approach to assessing and minimizing the risks associated with the use of drones.

RMZ (Radio Mandatory Zone)

Area with radio communication obligation.

Robustness

The effect of the risk mitigation measures, based on the gain in security from those measures and the level of assurance and integrity achieved from the gain in security.

Roll

Roll describes the control axis of a drone, which allows the drone to tilt to the left and right.

Rotor

A rotor is a part of a machine that turns or rotates.

RPIC (Remote Pilot in Command)

Remote pilot who holds a remote control in their hand and flies the drone remotely.

RTH (Return To Home)

Return to start point (home point); the device returns autonomously to the start point.

RTK (Real-Time Kinematic)

A high-precision satellite-based navigation system that uses correction signals to achieve accuracy in the centimeter range and is often used for surveying and mapping tasks.

SAIL (Specific Assurance Integrity Level)

Risk level according to SORA to determine countermeasures.

SAR (Search And Rescue)

Search and Rescue.

Hover

Remain in the air in a geographical position.

Sense and Avoid

An advanced obstacle detection and avoidance system that combines data from various sensors to perform safe maneuvers.

SenseFly

A manufacturer of professional drones for surveying and mapping.

SERA (Standardised European Rules of the Air)

Standardized European Rules of the Air.

Signal Loss

This is referred to as a loss of radio communication, for example due to loss of control.

Single Common Information Service Provider (SCISP)

The Single Common Information Service Provider (SCISP) performs a central role of U-Space. It provides the USSP with all relevant airspace and air traffic data for the provision of U-Space services. In addition, with manned aviation data, all air traffic, manned and unmanned, can be displayed in a combined air situation picture. This is an essential prerequisite for flights beyond the visual range of pilots - and thus for the efficient use of drones.

SLAM (Simultaneous Localization and Mapping)

A technology that enables drones to determine their position and simultaneously create a map of their surroundings

Smart Return Home

An advanced function in which the drone returns safely to the starting point, taking into account the current flight conditions.

SMH (minimum safety height)

Minimum flight altitude for manned air traffic.

SOP (Standard Operating Procedures)

Standard operating procedure

SORA (Specific Operational Risk Assessment)

A SORA (Specific Operations Risk Assessment) is a method for risk assessment / risk analysis that has been specially developed for the operation of unmanned aircraft systems (UAS). This method is required by the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) and provides a systematic approach to assessing and minimizing the risks associated with the use of drones.

SORA-GER (Specific Operational Risk Assessment Germany)

Risk assessment (German version)

Specific Category

A UAS operating category as defined in Article 5 of the Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/947.

Standard scenario

A UAS mode of operation in the "special" category for which a detailed list of risk mitigation measures has been defined and for the application of which, when conducting this mode of operation, the operator can make a declaration to the competent authority.

Control unit

The equipment or equipment system for remote control of unmanned aircraft as defined in Article 3(32) of Regulation (EU)2018/1139 that supports control or surveillance of the unmanned aircraft in any phase of flight, excluding infrastructures supporting the control and command link service (C2).

Controller

See remote pilot

Swarm Technology

The coordination of several drones that act together as a unit and complete tasks more efficiently.

TapFly

With this mode, you can tap anywhere on the screen and the drone will fly there automatically.

Telemetry

The transmission of data on the status and position of the drone in real time to the pilot, including altitude, speed and battery level.

Telemetry Link

A communication channel that transmits real-time data such as position, altitude, speed and status of the drone.

Terrain Following

A mode in which the drone automatically adjusts its altitude to the terrain to ensure a constant overflight altitude.

Tethered

Tethered(s), wired, tethered drone

Thrust-to-weight ratio

The ratio of thrust to the total mass of the drone, a measure of performance.

THW (Federal Agency for Technical Relief)

Authority in the portfolio of the Federal Ministry of the Interior.

Tilt Wing/Tilt Rotor

Tilt-wing aircraft. The drives / wings can be tilted.

TMZ (Transponder Mandatory Zone)

Zone with transponder obligation.

TRA (Temporary Reserved Airspace)

Temporarily reserved airspace.

Traffic Information Service

This service provides the UAS operator with the alerts, flight situation, and known/predicted traffic (e.g., if a tracking service is available). The main objective of the Traffic Information Service is to alert the UAS operator and help to avoid a collision.

Transponder

The transponder is used to identify an aircraft. Inquiry pulses transmitted by the secondary radar activate the on-board transponder, which transmits the identity code. This enables perfect identification of the aircraft on the radar screen.

U-Space

A U-Space is an airspace element for the use of unmanned aerial vehicles. The U-Space airspace is clearly demarcated from the rest of the airspace, both in terms of its maximum altitude and its geographical extent. In the U-Space, there are clear organizational structures and processes that manage the individual drone flights (e.g., the registration and deregistration of individual flights, the planning of flight routes, etc.) and at the same time ensure that these take place safely. In addition, these ensure safe and smooth interaction with manned air traffic.

U-Space Service Provider (USSP)

The U-Space Service Provider coordinates unmanned air traffic in U-Space and is responsible for its safety. To this end, it must provide four different technical services:- Provision of a complete air situation picture for the drone pilots (Traffic Information Service)- Continuous monitoring of drone flight movements in the respective U-Space area (Network Identification Service)- Continuous transmission of relevant airspace information to the drone pilots (Geo-awareness Service)- Provision of services for flight registration and flight authorization for drone pilots (Flight Authorization Service).

UA (unmanned aircraft) - Unmanned aircraft

An aircraft that is operated or designed to be operated autonomously or remotely without a pilot on board.

UAM (Urban Air Mobility)

UAM refers to the transportation of people by air cab, for example.

UAS (unmanned aircraft system) - Unmanned aircraft system

An unmanned aerial vehicle and the equipment for its remote control. Synonyms: UAV, unmanned aerial system, unmanned aerial vehicle, model aircraft.

UAS Flight Authorization Service

The goal of this service is to provide USSPs with situational awareness of all UAS traffic to be operated in U-Space, even in uncontrolled airspace. This allows USSPs to apply prioritization rules before authorization is granted. With the information about the intended flight and other information about the type of operation and its duration, as well as some associated aircraft performance, USSPs should be able to manage traffic flow and mitigate potentially conflicting flights before those flights occur. To do this, all USSPs are required to share flight authorization applications with each other when more than one USSP provides U-Space services in U-Space airspace (while, of course, complying with the GDPR requirements).

UAS Operator ID

Once the drone pilot has registered, they receive their own operator ID. All drones that you own are marked with this number.

UAS operators

Unmanned Aircraft System Operator. A legal or natural person that operates or intends to operate one or more UAS.

Unmanned glider

An unmanned aircraft that is kept aloft by the dynamic response of the air on the fixed lifting surfaces, not depending on an engine for gliding flight. It may be equipped with an engine for emergency use.

Uninvolved persons

Persons who are not involved in UAS operation or who are not familiar with the UAS operator's instructions and safety procedures.

Uncontrolled airspace

Airspace outside the area of responsibility of air traffic control.

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)

Another word for drone, often used in a military or professional context.

UTM (UAS Traffic Management System) - traffic management system for unmanned aircraft systems

The UAS Traffic Management System (UTM) is a drone traffic management system that provides a combined air situation picture of manned and unmanned aircraft, as well as other functions for safe and efficient drone beyond visual line of sight (BVLOS) operations in compliance with regulations. For all phases of flight (pre-flight, in-flight and post-flight phase), the UTM provides authoritative services for the safe operation of UAS in the airspace. In the pre-flight phase, the controller can register in the UTM, plan his mission and cross-check it (Are no-fly zones / airspace restrictions present? Are there other registered flight movements? Do I need an ascent permit or a SORA?). In the in-flight phase, the remote pilot can track his drone in real time and observe other aircraft in a combined aerial situation display, including those outside the user's line of sight (manned as well as unmanned registered in the UTM). He also receives real-time data such as photos or videos as needed. The UTM components of the post-flight phase help with the evaluation and follow-up of the flight (e.g., maintenance of the logbook, incident management, battery management).

UVC (Ultra-Violet Camera)

A camera that captures UV light and is used to inspect materials and surfaces to detect damage or wear.

VFR (Visual Flight Rules)

VFR flights are "see and be seen" flights where the pilot orients himself to external reference points (lakes, railroad lines, highways, etc.). VFR flights are not under the control of air traffic control or a controller; pilots are responsible for avoiding collisions with other airspace users.

Visual Observer

A person who monitors the airspace and supports the pilot in safely controlling the drone.

VLOS (Visual Line Of Sight operation) - operation in direct sight

A UAS mode of operation in which the remote pilot is able to maintain uninterrupted and unassisted visual contact with the unmanned aircraft so that he can control its flight path to avoid collisions with other aircraft, people, and obstacles.

VTOL (Vertical Take-Off and Landing)

Vertical takeoff and landing

Waypoint Navigation

A flight mode in which the drone flies a predetermined route based on GPS coordinates.

Wind

Vertical and horizontal air movements can have a significant influence on the operation of a UAS. Remote pilots must take this influence into account in their flight planning. On the one hand, the different air movements directly affect the flight path of the unmanned aerial vehicle. On the other hand, steering against the air movement always means higher battery consumption and consequently a sometimes considerable reduction in flight time.

Wind Resistance

The ability of a drone to fly stably in different wind conditions.

Wind Turbine Inspection

The use of drones to inspect and maintain wind turbines in order to detect damage or wear at an early stage.

X-Frame

Here the rotors of a drone are mounted in an X-shape.

X configuration

Most manufacturers (DJI, Yuneec, Parrot) design multicopters as X-configurations. The motors are offset by 45° to the direction of flight so that the propellers and arms are not visible in the direction of flight when taking photos or filming.

X8 Configuration

A drone configuration with eight propellers arranged in an X-shape.

Yaw

The yaw, i.e. the control axis, allows the drone to rotate around its own axis.

Yuneec

A well-known drone manufacturer known for its Typhoon series.

Z-Axis Stabilization

Stabilization of the drone along the vertical axis to minimize camera shake and ensure stable shots.

Pliers

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Zenith

The point directly above the drone, often used as a reference point for surveying and mapping.

Zenmuse

Zenmuse describes various camera and sensor modules that the Chinese drone manufacturer DJI offers for sale.

Zero-Takeoff Weight

The weight of the drone without fuel or battery, often used to calculate the maximum payload.

Zoom Camera

A camera with an optical or digital zoom function that can be attached to drones to view distant objects in detail.